The threat level from Northern Ireland-related terrorism in Great Britain has gone up from moderate to substantial.
It means an attack in England, Scotland or Wales is "a strong possibility".
Home Secretary Theresa May said the level, set by security service MI5, "reflects the continuing threat from dissident republican activity".
The level for Northern Ireland-related terrorism in Northern Ireland remains severe, meaning an attack is "highly likely".
Despite the increase in the threat level from Northern Ireland-related terrorism in Great Britain, it remains lower than the threat to the entire UK from international terrorism.
This is set at severe - the second-highest of the five ratings used.
BBC security correspondent Frank Gardner said it had been 15 years since the last Northern Ireland-related attack in Great Britain, but there was now a "real fear" in the security services that deadly tactics of the past would be used again.
But he said the "far bigger" threat to Great Britain came from the Islamic State group and its supporters.
Mrs May confirmed the change of threat level relating to Great Britain - meaning three of the four countries of the UK - in a written statement to Parliament.
She gave no further details of any intelligence had led to the level being changed.
"As a result of this change, we are working closely with the police and other relevant authorities to ensure appropriate security measures are in place," she wrote.
By Chris Buckler, Ireland correspondent, BBC News
By Chris Buckler, Ireland correspondent, BBC News
There have been many concerns in recent months about the dissident republican group known as the New IRA.
Police in Northern Ireland gave a stark warning earlier this year that they expected attacks to coincide with the centenary of the Easter Rising, the 1916 rebellion against British rule in Ireland.
That event has passed but the fear of violence still exists, and the changing of the threat level shows there is also now a growing concern in other parts of the UK.
Certainly senior officers are worried that republicans intent on wrecking Northern Ireland's peace process have been becoming more organised in recent months.
That is particularly true in the case of the New IRA, which is thought to be the largest grouping of violent dissident republicans currently active.
In a separate statement, Mrs May said dissident republicans "command little support", and the "vast majority" of people wanted peace.
She said it was "sensible" for the public in Great Britain to be vigilant, but said the threat level should "not affect how we go about our daily lives".
Democratic Unionist MP Jeffrey Donaldson is seeking an urgent Privy Council briefing to discuss the new security assessment.
"It is evident that dissident republicans are now active in Great Britain and are examining potential targets. Obviously that's a matter of concern," he said.
"We had no prior indication that the threat level had been increasing. In Northern Ireland, the threat has been severe for some time but quite clearly this is a new development in terms of dissident republican activity."
Assistant Chief Constable Will Kerr, of the Police Service of Northern Ireland, said the change in threat level was "about increasing awareness and encouraging vigilance".
At Easter the New IRA, the group responsible for the murder of prison officer Adrian Ismay in March, warned that its members were "determined to take the war to the age-old enemy of our nation".
Police have said the killing of Michael McGibbon in north Belfast in April carried the hallmarks of a paramilitary murder.
The threat level for Northern Ireland-related terrorism in Great Britain was raised from moderate to substantial in 2010, then reduced back to moderate in 2012.
The top threat level is critical, which means an attack is "expected imminently".
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